Primary basal cell carcinoma of the caruncle: case report and review of the literature

ABSTRACT We present a rare case of primary caruncle basal cell carcinoma (BCC), a condition with limited occurrences. Our patient, an 80-year-old woman without prior ocular pathological history, presented a 2x2mm pedunculated blackish nodular lesion on the caruncle of her left eye, without local conjunctival or cutaneous involvement. Histological analysis following complete excision confirmed the presence of basal cell carcinoma within the caruncle. Over a span of 30 months, no recurrence has been observed. While scant cases are documented in the literature, we conducted a review of these instances. Despite its infrequent manifestation, this condition should be taken into account when evaluating caruncular tumors, given its tendency to invade the orbit. Complete excision with free surgical margins is the treatment of choice, and adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy might be considered.

Masquerade syndrome in ocular surface squamous neoplasia / Síndrome mascarada em neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to alert the ophthalmic community to an atypical manifestation of ocular surface squamous neoplasia, which may delay diagnosis and treatment and result in a guarded visual prognosis and significant sequelae. A 61-year-old immunocompetent man presented with an initial diagnosis of necrotizing scleritis in the right eye for 3 months. He was treated with systemic prednisone but experienced persistent pain and low visual acuity. Conjunctival biopsy of the affected region confirmed the diagnosis of invasive ocular surface squamous neoplasia, which progressed with intraocular and orbital invasion; thus, exenteration was performed. Masquerade syndrome should be suspected in patients with nodulo-ulcerative lesions of the conjunctiva and sclera. This clinical can be more aggressive, with a greater likelihood of intraocular and orbital involvement. The earlier the diagnosis and treatment, the better the patient prognosis.

RESUMO O objetivo é alertar a comunidade oftalmológica sobre uma manifestação atípica de neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular (OSSN) que pode levar a um atraso no diagnóstico e tratamento, evoluindo com prognóstico reservado e significativas sequelas. Homem, imunocompetente, 61 anos com diagnóstico inicial de esclerite necrosante em olho direito há 3 meses, em tratamento com prednisona sistêmica porém com persistência da dor e baixa acuidade visual. Realizado biópsia conjuntival em região acometida e diagnosticado como neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular invasiva. Evolui com invasão intraocular e orbital sendo submetido a exenteração. Assim sendo, deve-se suspeitar de síndrome mascarada frente a um paciente com lesões nódulo-ulcerativas da conjuntiva e esclera. Essa forma clínica pode ser mais agressiva, com maior chance de comprometimento intraocular e orbital. Quanto mais precoces o diagnóstico e o tratamento, melhor o prognóstico para o paciente.

Analysis of ocular surface and quality of life in patients with corneal and conjunctival tumors / Análise da superfície ocular e qualidade de vida em pacientes com tumores córneo-conjuntivais

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the impact of corneal and conjunctival tumors on the ocular surface and quality of life of patients before and after surgical treatment. Methods: This prospective study conducted a preoperative and 30- and 90-day postoperative assessment of patients diagnosed with conjunctival and corneal tumors. Demographic data were collected preoperatively. The 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaires were applied to assess patients' quality of life and perception of their vision-related functions. The tear breakup time and Schirmer tests were performed for ocular surface evaluation. The tumor extensions were measured using ImageJ image analysis software. Results: Twenty-three patients were enrolled. The mean age at examination was 52.8 ± 17.3 years (range: 27-9 years). The most common tumor type was squamous cell carcinoma (61.5%). The patients' visual acuity improved significantly at 1 month and 3 months (p=0.018 and p=0.036, respectively). No significant differences were found between tear breakup time and Schirmer tests preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively (p=0.150 and p=0.490, respectively). The SF-12 scores demonstrated significant differences between the preoperative and 30- and 90-day postoperative mental components (p=0.008 and p=0.026, respectively). Tumor extension was 868.7 ± 344.9 pixels (range, 224.6-1481.6 pixels) and were significantly correlated with the preoperative (p=0.011), 30-day postoperative (p=0.017), and 90-day postoperative (p=0.012) SF-12 mental components, as well as the emotional component at the 30th postoperative day (p=0.016). Conclusion: Patients with corneal and conjunctival tumors improved their ocular symptoms, visual acuity, and the emotional component of their quality of life after surgical excision of the tumor.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto dos tumores cór­neo-conjuntivais na superfície ocular e na qualidade de vida dos pacientes antes e após o tratamento cirúrgico. Métodos: Este estudo prospectivo conduziu uma avaliação pré-operatória e com 30 e 90 dias de pós-operatório de pacientes com diagnóstico de tumores de córnea e conjuntiva. Os dados demográficos foram coletados no pré-operatório. Os questionários Health Survey Short-Form (SF-12) e Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) foram aplicados para avaliar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes e a percepção de suas funções relacionadas à visão. Os testes tear break-up time (TBUT) e Schirmer foram realizados para avaliação da superfície ocular. A extensão do tumor foi medida usando o programa ImageJ. Resultados: Vinte e três pacientes foram incluídos. A média de idade foi de 52,8 ± 17,3 anos (27-79 anos). O tipo mais comum de tumor foi o carcinoma de células escamosas (61,5%). A acuidade visual dos pacientes melhorou significativamente em 1 mês e 3 meses (p=0,018 e p=0,036, respectivamente). Não houve diferenças significativas entre os testes tear break-up time e Schirmer no pré-operatório e com 3 meses de pós-operatório (p=0,150 e p=0,490, respectivamente). Os escores do SF-12 demonstraram que o componente mental apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante entre o pré-operatório e no 30 e 90 dias de pós-operatório (p=0,008 e p=0,026, respectivamente). A extensão do tumor foi de 868,7 ± 344,9 pixels (intervalo, 224,6-1481,6 pixels) e foram significativamente correlacionados com o componente mental de SF-12 no pré-operatório (p=0,011), 30 (p=0,017) e 90 dias de pós-operatório (p=0,012), e o componente emocional no 30º dia de pós-operatório (p=0,016). Conclusão: Pacientes com tumores córneo-conjuntivais melhoraram os sintomas oculares, a acuidade visual e o componente emocional da qualidade de vida após a excisão cirúrgica do tumor.

Metástase iridociliar presumida de carcinoma mamário: relato de caso / Presumed iridociliary metastasis of breast carcinoma: case report

RESUMO A metástase ocular é uma patologia incomum, principalmente quando se considera a íris como sítio da metástase. Apesar de incomum, a metástase ocular possui o câncer de mama como um de seus principais sítios primários. Ocasionalmente, a manifestação oftalmológica pode ser primária a qualquer outra clínica. Este artigo relata o caso de uma paciente com carcinoma de mama ductal invasivo com presumida metástase em corpo ciliar e íris em olho direito. O diagnóstico precoce interfere de forma significativa na evolução do quadro, sendo necessário o acompanhamento oftalmológico.

ABSTRACT Ocular metastasis is an uncommon pathology, especially when considering the iris as the site of metastasis. Although uncommon, eye metastasis has breast cancer as one of its main primary sites. Occasionally, the ophthalmologic manifestation may be primary to any other clinical manifestation. This article reports the case of a patient with invasive ductal breast carcinoma with presumed metastasis in the ciliary body and iris in the right eye. Early diagnosis significantly affects the evolution of the condition, requiring ophthalmologic follow-up.

Sociodemographic, clinical, epidemiological and care aspects of children and adolescents treated for retinoblastoma in Brazil: a cross-sectional study / Aspectos sociodemográficos, clínicos, epidemiológicos e assistenciais de crianças e adolescentes atendidos por retinoblastoma no Brasil: estudo transversal

Introduction: Retinoblastoma greatly impacts the affected children and adolescents and their families. Epidemiological approaches to this form of cancer in Brazil are scarce, and this gap motivated this study. Objectives:This study aimed to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, epidemiological, and care characteristics of children and adolescents treated for retinoblastoma in Brazil and analyze whether there is any association between them. Methods: It is a cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study, carried out with accompanying family members of children and adolescents treated for retinoblastoma in Brazil, sampled by snowball sampling, via a web survey, based on a semi-structured questionnaire elaborated by the authors, shared on social media. Results: The children and adolescents were represented by 129 accompanying family members from the five largest regions of Brazil. Low education level, housewifery, and low family income were associated with exclusive care provided by the Unified Health System, while low family income was associated with the use of ocular prosthesis post retinoblastoma. Conclusion: The identified odds ratio indicated the importance of family members' sociodemographic aspects for the clinical, epidemiological and care outcomes of the children and adolescents treated. Public healthcare services were the most used for oncology care, which endorses the relevance of the Unified Health System for children, adolescents, and their family members who have been impacted by retinoblastoma in the country (AU)

Introdução: O retinoblastoma impacta sobremaneira as crianças, adolescentes e familiares acometidos. Abordagens epidemiológicas sobre tal câncer no Brasil são escassas, lacuna esta que motivou este trabalho. Objetivos: Os objetivos desse estudo foram descrever as características sociodemográficas, clínicas, epidemiológicas e assistenciais de crianças e adolescentes atendidos por retinoblastoma no Brasil e analisar se existe associação entre tais características. Métodos: Tratou-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo-analítico, realizado com acompanhantes familiares de crianças e adolescentes atendidos por retinoblastoma no Brasil, amostrados por snowball sampling, via web survey, a partir de um roteiro autoral semiestruturado, compartilhado em mídias sociais. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial, com o auxílio do software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Resultados: As crianças e os adolescentes foram retratados por 129 acompanhantes familiares das cinco grandes regiões brasileiras. A escolaridade baixa, a ocupação do lar e a baixa renda familiar dos respondentes associaram-se ao atendimento exclusivo pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, sendo que a baixa renda familiar também associou-se ao uso de prótese ocular pós retinoblastoma. Conclusões: As razões de chances identificadas sinalizaram para a importância dos aspectos sociodemográficos dos familiares para os desfechos clínicos-epidemiológicos-assistenciais das crianças e dos adolescentes atendidos. Os serviços públicos foram os mais utilizados para a assistência oncológica, o que endossa a relevância do Sistema Único de Saúde para as crianças, adolescentes e familiares impactados pelo retinoblastoma no país (AU)

Sociodemographic, clinical, epidemiological and care aspects of children and adolescents treated for retinoblastoma in Brazil: a cross-sectional study / Aspectos sociodemográficos, clínicos, epidemiológicos e assistenciais de crianças e adolescentes atendidos por retinoblastoma no Brasil: estudo transversal

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Retinoblastoma greatly impacts the affected children and adolescents and their families. Epidemiological approaches to this form of cancer in Brazil are scarce, and this gap motivated this study. Objectives:This study aimed to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, epidemiological, and care characteristics of children and adolescents treated for retinoblastoma in Brazil and analyze whether there is any association between them. Methods: It is a cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study, carried out with accompanying family members of children and adolescents treated for retinoblastoma in Brazil, sampled by snowball sampling, via a web survey, based on a semi-structured questionnaire elaborated by the authors, shared on social media. Results: The children and adolescents were represented by 129 accompanying family members from the five largest regions of Brazil. Low education level, housewifery, and low family income were associated with exclusive care provided by the Unified Health System, while low family income was associated with the use of ocular prosthesis post retinoblastoma. Conclusion: The identified odds ratio indicated the importance of family members' sociodemographic aspects for the clinical, epidemiological and care outcomes of the children and adolescents treated. Public healthcare services were the most used for oncology care, which endorses the relevance of the Unified Health System for children, adolescents, and their family members who have been impacted by retinoblastoma in the country. (AU)

RESUMO: Introdução: O retinoblastoma impacta sobremaneira as crianças, adolescentes e familiares acometidos. Abordagens epidemiológicas sobre tal câncer no Brasil são escassas, lacuna esta que motivou este trabalho. Objetivos: Os objetivos desse estudo foram descrever as características sociodemográficas, clínicas, epidemiológicas e assistenciais de crianças e adolescentes atendidos por retinoblastoma no Brasil e analisar se existe associação entre tais características. Métodos: Tratou-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo-analítico, realizado com acompanhantes familiares de crianças e adolescentes atendidos por retinoblastoma no Brasil, amostrados por snowball sampling, via web survey, a partir de um roteiro autoral semiestruturado, compartilhado em mídias sociais. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial, com o auxílio do software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Resultados: As crianças e os adolescentes foram retratados por 129 acompanhantes familiares das cinco grandes regiões brasileiras. A escolaridade baixa, a ocupação do lar e a baixa renda familiar dos respondentes associaram-se ao atendimento exclusivo pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, sendo que a baixa renda familiar também associou-se ao uso de prótese ocular pós retinoblastoma. Conclusões: As razões de chances identificadas sinalizaram para a importância dos aspectos sociodemográficos dos familiares para os desfechos clínicos-epidemiológicos-assistenciais das crianças e dos adolescentes atendidos. Os serviços públicos foram os mais utilizados para a assistência oncológica, o que endossa a relevância do Sistema Único de Saúde para as crianças, adolescentes e familiares impactados pelo retinoblastoma no país. (AU)

The diagnosis and treatment of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: 10 years of experience / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) diagnosed and treated in our hospital during the past 10 years.Methods:A retrospective clinical study. From 2011 to 2021, 126 eyes of 67 patients with PVRL who were diagnosed and treated in Department of Ophthalmology, Eye-ENT Hospital, Fudan University were included in the study. Among them, there were 23 males (34.3%, 23/67) and 44 females (65.7%, 44/67); the average age was 57.1 years. There were 59 cases with both eyes (88.1%, 59/67) and 8 cases with one eye (11.9%, 8/67). At the initial eye diagnosis, 22 cases had a clear history of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL); 5 cases were found to have intracranial lesions by head imaging examination; 40 cases had no central nervous system involvement. Twenty cases were treated with glucocorticoids due to misdiagnosed uveitis. All patients received intravitreal injection of methotrexate (IVM) treatment. The treatment regimen was twice a week in the induction period for 2 weeks, once a week in the consolidation period for 1 month, and once a month in the maintenance period. Patients with PCNSL or both eyes received concurrent systemic chemotherapy (chemotherapy), and some in combination with radiation therapy to the brain (radiotherapy). The mean follow-up time was 39.3 months. The clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis of the patients were retrospectively analyzed. The visual acuity before and after treatment was compared by t test. Results:Among the 22 cases with a clear history of PCNSL at the initial eye diagnosis, the average time from intracranial diagnosis to eye diagnosis was 22.9 months. Among the 40 cases without central nervous system involvement at first, 14 cases (20.9%, 14/67) developed central nervous system lesions during follow-up period. The mean time from ocular diagnosis to intracranial diagnosis was 9.9 months. Among the 126 eyes, 42 eyes (33.3%, 42/126) had anterior segment inflammation. vitreous inflammation type, retinal type, and vitreous retinal type were 58 (46.0%, 58/126), 7 (5.6%, 7/126), and 61 (48.4%, 61/126) eyes, and 9 of them (7.1%, 9/126) had optic nerve involvement at the same time. Patients received an average of 12 IVM treatments. IVM combined with systemic chemotherapy in 59 cases (88.1%, 59/67), of which 16 cases were combined with brain radiotherapy. All patients achieved complete remission after completing the treatment cycle (100.0%, 67/67). After treatment, 21 eyes (16.7%, 21/126) had ocular recurrence; 22 (32.8%, 22/67) had intracranial recurrence; 8 cases (11.9%, 8/67) died. The mean progression-free survival of patients was 23.7 months; the mean survival time was 43.6 months; the 5-year overall survival rate was 72.5%.Conclusions:The manifestations of PVRL are complex and diverse, and most of them are accompanied by involvement of the central nervous system. It can be divided into vitreitis type, retinal type and vitreoretinal type, and the optic nerve can be involved at the same time; IVM combined with systemic treatment can completely relieve the disease.

Research progress of circular RNA in ocular fundus diseases / 中华眼底病杂志

Circular RNA (circRNA) is a new group of endogenous non-coding RNAs produced by back-splicing, which has multiple molecular functions such as acting as microRNA sponges, regulators of transcription and splicing, adaptors for protein-protein interaction. Recent studies have shown that circRNA play an essential role in development and progression of retinal microvascular dysfunction, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, eye diseases caused by hyperhomocysteine and ocular malignancy. In pathological conditions, the differential expression of circRNA alters the transcription and translation of corresponding genes, thus changing the activity and function of cells. CircRNA may become a new marker and prognostic indicator of fundus diseases, and its targeted intervention may also become a potential treatment for fundus diseases.

Pay attention to the correct diagnosis and rational treatment of ciliary body tumors / 中华眼底病杂志

Ciliary body tumor is a rare intraocular tumor. Due to its unique anatomical location, its correct diagnosis and reasonable treatment are very difficult problems. In terms of diagnosis and differential diagnosis, ophthalmologists need to fully utilize the role of slit lamp microscope and transillumination experiment to capture secondary changes in the anterior segment caused by hidden ciliary body tumors, such as monocular localized cataract, lens indentation, and pigment dissemination, etc. Ophthalmological imaging methods, especially ultrasound biomicroscopy, can achieve the purpose of early detection and early diagnosis. According to the size, location and morphological characteristics of the tumor, a reasonable treatment plan is formulated. Since ciliary body tumors are mostly benign, the recurrence rate of local resection is low, which can satisfy the pathological diagnosis and preserve part of the patient's vision. Therefore, eye-preserving treatment should be advocated. However, enucleation remains the treatment of choice for tumors that are too large to be treated with local excision or radiation, eyes with refractory glaucoma, and tumors that do not respond to radiation therapy.

Research progress of ocular choristoma / 中国医师杂志

Ocular choristoma is composed of ectopic tissues with normal structures. The pathogenesis still remains uncertain. Histopathologically, it is a dense connective tissue mixed with epidermal appendages, smooth muscle cells, mature adipose tissue, lacrimal glands, lymph nodes, skeletal muscle fibers, cartilage and bone. Because of its low incidence, most of published literature are case reports. The clinical manifestations are non-specific and we need to distinguish it from other ocular masses. The choice of surgical resection depends on the ocular symptoms, the effect on appearance, and the need for clinical confirmation. This paper reviews the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of ocular choristoma.

Development and usability of a photograph-based smartphone app for ocular surface tumor screening / Desenvolvimento e usabilidade de um aplicativo para smartphones baseado em fotografias para rastreio de tumores de superfície ocular

ABSTRACT Objective: To develop and examine the usability of a mobile application aimed at improving knowledge about ocular surface tumors among medical students, general practitioners and ophthalmologists. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was carried out by a multidisciplinary team and developed in three stages: administration of a specific questionnaire to medical students, assessing the demand for the application, creation and development of the application in collaboration with the Technological Innovation Laboratory of Centro Universitário Christus and usability assessment. General practitioners and ophthalmologists were selected to answer the System Usability Scale questionnaire. Data were exported into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20.0 Windows, for quantitative analysis. Results: The OncoEye application was developed for the iOS and the Android platforms and included four main menus: Glossary, Patients, Referrals and Queries. Most students (89.9%) considered the development of the application important for wider access to information about the topic. Most students (39.9%) were able to recognize ocular lesions and 26.1% could distinguish between benign and malignant conditions. System Usability Scale questionnaire responses revealed good usability, with an average score of 92.65. Users (100%) described the application as user-friendly and well- integrated. Conclusion: An innovative application for ocular surface tumors was created and developed. The application achieved good levels of acceptance and was described as user-friendly by users.

RESUMO Objetivo: Desenvolver e avaliar a usabilidade de um aplicativo para dispositivos móveis que aprimore o conhecimento de estudantes de medicina e de médicos sobre tumores da superfície ocular. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal e quantitativo por uma equipe multiprofissional, consistindo em três etapas: realização de um questionário específico com estudantes de medicina, avaliando a necessidade de elaboração do aplicativo; criação e desenvolvimento do aplicativo pelo Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica do Centro Universitário Christus e avaliação de usabilidade. Médicos generalistas e oftalmologistas foram selecionados para responder ao questionário System Usability Scale. Os dados foram exportados para o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versão 20.0, para Windows para análise quantitativa. Resultados: O aplicativo OncoEye foi desenvolvido com quatro menus principais: Glossário, Pacientes, Encaminhamento e Perguntas. Dentre os estudantes, 89,9% consideraram o desenvolvimento do aplicativo importante para orientação sobre o tema, 39,9% souberam reconhecer lesão ocular, e 26,1% puderam diferenciar lesão ocular maligna ou benigna. As respostas dos usuários à ferramenta System Usability Scale demonstraram boa usabilidade, com pontuação média de 92,65 (87,74 a 97,55). Todos os usuários consideraram o aplicativo de fácil manuseio e bem integrado. Conclusão: Um aplicativo inovador para tumores da superfície ocular foi criado e desenvolvido, apresentando boa aceitação e fácil manuseio pelos usuários.

Analysis of the mortality by eye cancer from 2010 to 2019 in Brazil / Análise da mortalidade no Brasil por câncer ocular de 2010 a 2019

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the deaths caused by eye cancer from 2010 to 2019 in Brazil. Methods: Data were selected from SUS' Computer Department platform at the Ministry of Health, including death certificates, from 2010 to 2019, from all Brazilian states and the Federal District, filtering the codes C69.0 to C69.9 as the cause of death, according to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision. Results: There were 1,859 deaths from malignant neoplasm of eye and adnexa (C69), in Brazil, from 2010 to 2019, affecting 1,062 (57.1%) men. The site of neoplasm was unspecified (C69.9) in 719 cases, representing the most frequent etiology in the C69 group (38.67%). The malignant neoplasm of the orbit (C69.6) was the second most common cause of death (22.59%), followed by malignant neoplasm of retina (C69.2) (14.73%). Conclusion: The number of deaths due to malignant neoplasm of eye and adnexa slightly increased through the years of 2010 to 2019, in Brazil.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os óbitos causados por câncer ocular durante os anos de 2010 a 2019 no Brasil. Métodos: Os dados foram selecionados na plataforma do Departamento de Informática do SUS do Ministério da Saúde, incluindo declarações de óbito, durante os anos de 2010 a 2019, de todos os estados brasileiros e do Distrito Federal, filtrando os códigos C69.0 a C69.9 como causa básica de óbito, de acordo com a Classificação Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde - 10ᵃ Revisão. Resultados: Houve 1.859 óbitos por neoplasia maligna de olho e anexos (C69), no Brasil, no período de 2010 a 2019, acometendo 1.062 (57,1%) homens. O sítio da neoplasia não foi especificado (C69.9) em 719 casos, representando a etiologia mais frequente no grupo C69 (38,67%). A neoplasia maligna da órbita (C69.6) foi a segunda causa mais comum de óbito (22,59%), seguida pela neoplasia maligna da retina (C69.2) (14,73%). Conclusão: O número de óbitos por neoplasia maligna de olho e anexos aumentou discretamente ao longo dos anos de 2010 a 2019, no Brasil.

Análise do perfil clínico de pacientes portadores de neoplasia ocular escamosa atendidos em hospital referência de oculoplástica / Analysis of the clinical profile of patients with squamous ocular neoplasms attended at a reference hospital of oculoplastics

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar o perfil clínico de pacientes portadores de neoplasias escamosas da superfície ocular. Métodos Foram avaliados os principais fatores de risco envolvidos na gênese das neoplasias escamosas da superfície ocular, as características clínicas dos pacientes e os hábitos comportamentais associados. Foram incluídos neste trabalho de coorte histórica 80 pacientes com diagnóstico anatomopatológico de neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular atendidos entre os anos de 2010 e 2020 em um hospital referência em oculoplástica e segmento anterior de Santa Catarina. Os dados clínicos e desfechos foram avaliados por meio da análise de prontuário e entrevista, sendo posteriormente tabulados no Excel e submetidos à analise estatística por meio do software Statistical Pakage for the Social Sciences, versão 16. Resultados Foi observado que 73,8% (n=59) eram do sexo masculino. A média de idade da amostra foi de 62 anos. Quanto ao fototipo de pele, de acordo com a escala de Fitzpatrick, constatou-se que a maioria apresentou os fototipos 1 e 2 (22; 27,5% e 44; 55%, respectivamente). Em relação à exposição ocupacional ao sol/radiação, 48% (n=60) apresentaram história de exposição ocupacional, sendo que, destes, 28 pacientes trabalhavam no setor de agricultura. Dos pacientes da amostra, 33 (41,2%) apresentavam histórico pessoal de neoplasias de pele, sendo que, destes, três apresentavam diagnóstico de xeroderma pigmentoso. Quanto ao hábito de uso de fatores de proteção solar, 61% (n=49) da amostra negou o hábito. Foi evidenciada associação estatisticamente significativa entre o hábito de usar fatores de proteção solar e histórico pessoal de neoplasias de pele. Em relação ao tipo de neoplasia escamosa, a maioria dos pacientes (72; 90%) apresentou diagnóstico anatomopatológico de carcinoma espinocelular ocular. Conclusão O perfil clínico epidemiológico dos pacientes portadores de neoplasias escamosas da superfície ocular neste estudo, predominantemente de carcinoma espinoceular ocular, foi de homens, idosos, de pele clara (fototipo 2) e com histórico importante de exposição aos raios solares ultravioleta A e B. Comorbidades imunodepressoras (HIV e transplante de órgão sólido) e doenças dermatológicas (albinismo e xeroderma pigmentoso) associaram-se ao aparecimento das neoplasias escamosas da superfície ocular em idade mais precoce. Em pacientes com histórico pessoal prévio de neoplasias de pele, foi evidenciado o hábito de uso de fatores de protetor solar mais presente em relação aos demais.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the clinical profile of patients with ocular surface squamous neoplasms (OSSN). Methods The main risk factors involved in the genesis of the ocular surface squamous neoplasms, the clinical features, and the behavioral habits associated were evaluated. This historical cohort study included 80 patients with anatomopathological diagnosis of OSSN who were treated between 2010-2020 at a reference hospital in oculoplastic and anterior segment in Santa Catarina. The clinical data and outcomes were evalated through the analysis of medical records and interviews, being later tabulated in Excel and analyzed using the SPSS 16 software. Results Regarding the clinical profile of the patients in the sample, 73.8% (n = 59) were male. The mean age of the sample was 62 years old. As for the skin phototype, according to the Fitzpatrick scale, most of the sample presented the phototype 1 and 2 (27.5% n = 22; and 55% n = 44 respectively). Regarding occupational exposure to the sun / radiation, 48% (n = 60) had history of occupational exposure, and of these, 28 patients worked in the agricultural area. Of the patients of the sample, 33 (41.2%) had a personal history of skin neoplasms, and of these, 3 had diagnosis of xeroderma pigmentosum. As for the habit of using sun protection factors, 61% (n = 49) of the sample denied the habit. A statistically significant association was evidenced between the habit of using sun protection factors and people's history of skin cancer. Regarding the type of squamous neoplasia, most patients in the 90% sample (n = 72) had an anatomopathological diagnosis of ocular squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion The clinical epidemiological profile of patients with OSSN in this study, predominantly ocular squamous cell carcinoma, was men, elderly, fair-skinned (phototype 2) and with an important history of exposure to UVA and UVB rays. Immunosuppressive comorbidities (HIV, solid organ transplant) and dermatological diseases (albinism, xeroderma pigmentosum) are associated with the appearance of OSSN at an early age. In patients with a previous personal history of skin neoplasms, the habit of using sunscreen factors was more present than in the other patients.

Chronic unilateral tearing as a sign of lacrimal sac squamous cell carcinoma / Lacrimejamento unilateral crônico como sinal de Carcinoma espinocelular de saco lacrimal

ABSTRACT Tearing is a very common symptom in ophthalmic practice; however, this issue is commonly overlooked. The authors describe the case of a patient with chronic unilateral epiphora that had been neglected for 8 y; lacrimal system workup was performed for this patient only because of dacryocystitis evolvement. Following the diagnosis of nasolacrimal duct blockage, dacryocystorhinostomy was indicated. Intraoperative abnormal mucosa was subjected to biopsy, and a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma in the lacrimal sac was established. Extended tumor excision was performed for the patient and adjuvant radiotherapy was administered, without any recurrence till the 2-year follow-up. The present report highlights the relevance of a detailed evaluation for determining the underlying causes of tearing, especially in chronic unilateral presentation. The consideration of potential malignancy in such cases could prevent delayed diagnosis of uncommon but potentially life-threatening malignancies of the lacrimal drainage system.

RESUMO O lacrimejamento é um sinal comum na prática oftalmológica, porém frequentemente negligenciado. Os autores descrevem um caso de um paciente com epífora unilateral direita com 8 anos de história que só após evoluir com dacriocistite foi submetido a semiologia de vias lacrimais. Após o diagnóstico de obstrução baixa da via lacrimal foi submetido a cirurgia de dacriocistorrinostomia, onde o saco lacrimal de aparência atípica foi biopsiado e identificado como carcinoma espinocelular. O paciente foi submetido a ressecção oncológica do tumor seguido de radioterapia adjuvante, permanecendo livre de recidiva por 2 anos. Este caso ressalta a importância de investigar causas da epífora, especialmente quando unilateral, dada sua maior associação com a obstrução de via lacrimal. Uma semiologia oportuna das vias lacrimais podem evitar atrasos no diagnóstico de obstrução secundárias a neoplasia, que apesar de incomuns, são potencialmente fatais.

Reconstrução após ressecção bipalpebral com preservação do globo ocular: desafio estético e funcional / Reconstruction after bipalpebral resection with preservation of the eyeball: aesthetic and functional challenge

Introdução: A reconstrução palpebral pode ser realizada por fechamento primário, enxerto de diferentes lamelas e retalhos locais e/ou regionais, únicos ou combinados. Essa reconstrução se torna mais complexa quando a pálpebra superior e a inferior são ressecadas em espessura total e o globo ocular é preservado. O objetivo é relatar as técnicas utilizadas para reconstrução periorbital em casos de ressecção bipalpebral (superior e inferior) com preservação do globo ocular pelo Grupo de Cirurgia Órbitopalpebral da Divisão de Cirurgia Plástica e Queimaduras do HCFMUSP. Métodos: Foram revistos todos os casos que se encaixaram nos critérios de inclusão no período de 2000 a 2019, sendo descritos dados epidemiológicos, cirúrgicos e de seguimento pós-operatório. Resultados: Apenas dois casos foram submetidos à exérese total do tecido periorbital e permaneceram passíveis de preservação do globo ocular. Ambos foram reconstruídos com retalhos frontais com oclusão total do globo ocular no primeiro momento, seguido pela liberação em etapas, mantendo o globo viável após a finalização da reconstrução. Discussão: São escassos os relatos semelhantes na literatura e, nestes casos, os resultados cirúrgicos se mostraram funcionalmente aceitáveis, mas com limitações estéticas importantes. Conclusão: Sugerimos uma nova opção para a reconstrução total da pálpebra superior e inferior (com um único retalho pedicular, desprovido de enxerto conjuntivo e em múltiplos estágios) que fornece proteção e conservação do globo ocular durante as diferentes etapas da cirurgia. Os resultados foram funcionalmente favoráveis, considerando a gravidade dos casos.

Introduction: Eyelid reconstruction can be performed by primary closure, a graft of different lamellae, and local and/or regional flaps, single or combined. This reconstruction becomes more complex when the upper and lower eyelids are resected to total thickness, and the eyeball is preserved. The objective is to report the techniques used for periorbital reconstruction in bipalpebral resection cases (upper and lower) with preservation of the eyeball by the Group of Orthopalpebral Surgery of the Division of Plastic Surgery and Burns of HCFMUSP. Methods: All cases that met the inclusion criteria from 2000 to 2019 were reviewed, and epidemiological, surgical, and postoperative follow-up data were described. Results: Only two cases were submitted to total exeresis of the periorbital tissue and remained susceptible to eyeball preservation. Both were reconstructed with frontal flaps with complete occlusion of the eyeball at the first moment, followed by the release in stages, keeping the globe viable after reconstruction completion. Discussion: Similar reports are scarce in the literature, and, in these cases, surgical results were functionally acceptable but with significant aesthetic limitations. Conclusion: We suggest a new option for total reconstruction of the upper and lower eyelid (with a single pedicular flap, devoid of connective graft and in multiple stages) that protects and conserves the eyeball during the various stages of surgery. The results were functionally favorable, considering the severity of the cases.

Oncocitoma em carúncula: relato de caso / Oncocytoma of the caruncle: a case report

RESUMO O oncocitoma é um tipo de neoplasia rara na prática clínica e descrito na literatura, principalmente quando localizado no olho. Quando localizado nos anexos oculares, é mais frequentemente na carúncula. Analisou-se o caso de uma paciente de 74 anos, caucasiana, que relatou desconforto visual no olho esquerdo, e cujo exame físico mostrou lesão tumoral na carúncula esquerda, com volume moderado, presença de neovascularização e secreção excessiva. A excisão cirúrgica da lesão foi realizada sob sedação, e a peça foi enviada para avaliação anatomopatológica. A lesão foi diagnosticada histologicamente como oncocitoma, sem malignidade, e a paciente não apresentou recidiva após o procedimento. Embora raro, esse tumor deve ser reconhecido pelos oftalmologistas, devido ao risco já relatado de desenvolvimento de adenocarcinoma.

ABSTRACT Oncocytoma is a neoplasm rarely observed in clinical practice and reported in the literature, especially when located in the eye. When described in the ocular adnexa, it is most often located in the caruncle. The case of a 74-year-old Caucasian female patient is reported. She complained of visual discomfort in the left eye, and physical examination showed a tumoral lesion in the left caruncle, of moderate volume, presence of neovascularization, and excessive secretion. Surgical excision of the lesion was performed under sedation, and the specimen was sent for pathological examination. The lesion was histologically diagnosed as oncocytoma with no malignancy, and the patient presented no recurrence after the procedure. Although rare, this tumor must be recognized by ophthalmologists due to the risk of developing adenocarcinoma, as already reported.

Hemangioma de coroide e o desafio do diagnóstico diferencial / Choroidal hemangioma and the challenge of differential diagnosis

Resumo O hemangioma de coroide é um tumor benigno relativamente raro, que se apresenta de forma circunscrita ou difusa, sendo esta última normalmente associada à Síndrome de Sturge-Weber. Os tumores circunscritos manifestam-se de forma insidiosa, com o diagnóstico realizado comumente após o aparecimento de sintomas secundários. Apresentam como diagnóstico diferencial lesões graves e potencialmente letais, como melanoma de coroide e doença metastática. Neste relato descrevemos o caso de um hemangioma intraocular nodular avançado associado a descolamento hemorrágico da retina, evidenciando o desafio do diagnóstico diferencial devido às semelhanças clínicas e radiológicas compartilhadas pelos tumores.

Abstract Choroidal hemangioma is a fairly rare benign vascular tumor that can manifest in either circumscribed or diffuse type; the latter one is usually related to Sturge-Weber Syndrome. The circumscribed tumors have an insidious presentation and diagnosis is commonly made after the onset of secondary symptoms. Serious and potentially lethal lesions, such as choroidal melanoma and metastatic disease, may represent a differential diagnosis. In this report, we describe an advanced case of nodular hemangioma associated with hemorrhagic retinal detachment. This case highlights the challenge of differential diagnosis in intraocular tumors, due to their similar clinical and radiologic features.

Frequency of conjunctival epithelial dysplasia in patients with pterygium / Incidência de displasia do epitélio conjuntival em pacientes com diagnóstico de pterígio

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the frequency of ocular squamous surface neoplasia associated with pterygium in an ophthalmology reference center in Central Mexico. Methods: We reviewed histopathological reports and slides of all patients who underwent pterygium surgery from 2014 to 2016 at the Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia in Queretaro (Mexico). Results: We studied 177 biopsy samples; 66% were from women, and the median age was 52 years. We found ocular squamous surface neoplasias in 11.29% (n=20) of the samples. One biopsy sample revealed a poorly differentiated keratinizing and infiltrating carcinoma. Conclusions: The prevalence of ocular squamous surface neoplasia in our region appears to be high. Countrywide studies are necessary to determine the true prevalence of ocular squamous surface neoplasia in Mexico and to examine related risk factors.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a frequência de neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular associada ao pterígio com apresentação clínica, em um centro de referência em Oftalmologia da região central do México. Métodos: Revisamos os laudos histopatológicos e as lâminas de biópsia de todos os pacientes que foram submetidos à cirurgia de pterígio de 2014 a 2016 no Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia, na cidade de Querétaro. Resultados: Estudamos 177 amostras de biópsia; 66% eram de pacientes do sexo feminino, sendo a mediana da idade de 52 anos. Encontramos neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular em 11,29% (n=20). Uma amostra de biópsia mostrou um carcinoma queratinizante infiltrativo pouco diferenciado. Conclusões: A prevalência da neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular nessa região parece ser maior do que a indicada por outras pesquisas. Mais estudos de âmbito nacional são necessários para determinar a verdadeira prevalência da neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular no México e examinar os fatores de risco relacionados.

El retinoblastoma: un tumor de ojo frecuente en la infancia / Retinoblastoma: a frequent eye tumor in childhood

Resumen El retinoblastoma es uno de los tumores intraoculares malignos más frecuentes en la edad pediátrica; así mismo, es posible que exista afectación en otros sitios como podría ser el ojo contralateral, por lo cual es importante mantener controles periódicos, aún después de ser diagnosticados y tratados. Actualmente se sabe que esta patología puede ser hereditaria o espontánea y tiene un importante componente genético, específicamente una mutación del gen supresor tumoral llamado RB1, el cual además está asociado a otras enfermedades.

Abstract Retinoblastoma is one of the most frequent malignant intraocular tumors in the pediatric age group, and it is possible that there is affectation to other sites such as the contralateral eye, hence, it is important to maintain periodic controls even after being diagnosed and treated. Currently it is known that this pathology can be either hereditary or spontaneous and has an important genetic component, specifically a mutation of the tumor-suppressor gene called RB1, which is also associated with other diseases.

The Amazon Ocular Oncology Center: The first three years / Centro de Oncologia Ocular do Amazonas: primeiros três anos

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the first three years of The Amazon Ocular Oncology Center, the first ocular cancer center in the North of Brazil. Methods: Here, we report patient information including patients' age, gender, diagnosis, treatment, and city of origin. Results: Two hundred and twenty-one patients were included on this study: 160 (72%) patients came from the city of Manaus, 52 (24%) from other cities in Amazonas, and 9 (4%) from other states. Of the 221 patients, 150 (68%) were afflicted with benign lesions and the remaining 71 (32%) had malignant lesions. Benign diagnosis included pterygium, chalazium, conjunctival nevus, and papilloma, cataract, and retinal detachment. Of the malignant cases, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the conjunctiva was the most frequent with 43 cases (60%). Other diagnoses included choroidal melanoma (8 cases, 11%), retinoblastoma (7 cases, 9%), lymphomas (5 cases, 7%), basal cell carcinomas of the eyelid (4 cases, 5%), conjunctival melanoma (2 cases, 2%), and Kaposi sarcomas (1 case, 1%). Of the 43 patients with SCC, the mean age was 62 years old, and 30 (69%) were male; 29 patients (67%) were treated with an excisional biopsy, and 14 (33%) were treated with neoadjuvant topic chemotherapy, followed by surgery.

RESUMO Objetivo: Reportar sobre os primeiros três anos do Centro de Oncologia Ocular do Amazonas, primeiro centro de oncologia ocular na região Norte do Brasil. Métodos: Relatamos informações de diagnóstico, idade, sexo, tratamento e cidade de origem dos pacientes atendidos nos 3 primeiros anos. Resultados: Identificamos 221 pacientes, dos quais 160 (72%) eram da cidade de Manaus, 52 (24%) de outras cidades do Amazonas e 9 (4%) de outros estados. Dos 221 casos, 150 (68%) eram lesões benignas e 71 (32%) malignas. Lesões benignas incluíram pterígio, calázio, nevus e papiloma de conjuntiva, catarata e descolamento de retina. Das lesões malignas a mais comum foi o carcinoma escamoso de conjuntiva com 43 casos (60%). Outros diagnósticos incluíram melanoma de coróide (8 casos, 11%), retinoblastoma (7 casos, 9%), linfomas (5 casos, 7%), carcinoma da pálpebra (4 casos, 5%), melanoma da conjunctiva (2 casos, 2%) e sarcoma de Kaposi (1 caso, 1%). Dentre os CEC de conjuntiva, a idade media foi de 62 anos e 30 pacientes (69%) eram do sexo masculino. Vinte e nove casos (67%) foram tratados com biópsia excisional e 14 (33%) com quimioterapia tópica neoadjuvante seguida de cirurgia.